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BIOL102 PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY  

Exam 2 Review Sheet FALL 2006

 

This exam review sheet is intended to help you prepare for the exam but should not be considered your only source of study.  This is only an outline, and I have left off detailed information, so you should use your notes and text to help you prepare for the exam. You are still responsible for any material we covered in class, whether on this sheet or not.  This lists serves only to highlight the main points.

Chapter 4

Microscopes and the Discovery of Cells

  • Know the contribution of Robert Hooke in 1662.
  • Know the contribution of Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1665.

Cell Theory

  • What are the three different parts of the Cell Theory?  What do they mean?

Membrane Structure and Function

  • All cells have a cell membrane (plasma membrane)
  • Know two different general functions of the cell membrane.
  • Be able to draw (not the chemical structure) and label a phospholipid molecule, including the hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends.
  • Understand the arrangement of a phospholipid bilayer.
  • Know the the following components of the membrane and their functions:
    • Phospholipids
    • Proteins

Eukayotic Cells

  • Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized and have membrane bound organelles
  • **Be able to identify these organelles and cell structures in the idealized animal and plant cell in a diagram (see p. 57)**
    • Cytoplasm
    • Nucleus
    • Ribosomes
    • Plasma membrane
    • Flagella/cilia
    • Mitochondria
    • Chloroplasts
    • Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)
    • smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)
    • Golgi apparatus
    • Vesicles
    • central vacuole
    • Lysosomes
    • Cytoskeleton (what are ther three filaments that make up cytoskeleton?  What is the function of each?)
    • Cell wall
  • Know the functions of these organelles (use your organelle review sheet)
  • Know which are present in animal cells only and which are present in plant cells only.
  • Know which organelles are surrounded by membrane and which are not
  • Know which organelles are found in eukaryotic cells and which are found in prokaryotic cells

 

Prokaryotic Cells (Bacteria)

  • Know at least three ways prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells differ from one another.
  • Remember that bacteria are prokaryotic.
  • Know the basic prokaryotic cell structures  (see p. 56) 

Chapter 5

Transport Through Membranes

Passive Transport (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis): Movement in the direction of the concentration gradient (No ATP Required).

  • What is diffusion?
    •
  • Simple diffusion: movement across a membrane (for small hydrophobic molecules such as O2 and CO2, steroids) in the direction of the concentration gradient.  
  • Osmosis: diffusion of H2O through a membrane
  • Review the terms, solution, solvent, and solute.
  • Know what happens to animal cells and to plant cells in isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions.
  • Why do plant cells not burst and animal cells lyse (burst) in hypotonic solutions?
  • Facilitated diffusion is used for molecules which do not freely pass through the membrane. A channel protein is needed (for large or hydrophilic substances (such as charged atoms, amino acid, glucose (monomers))

 

Active Transport

  • Requires ATP
  • Using pumps: Moves solutes against the concentration gradient (from low to high concentration).
  • Using vesicles :Exocytosis, Endocytosis
    • Be able to describe these methods of transport and understand how they differ from one another.  Used for large molecules