Spring 2008
This exam review sheet is intended to help you prepare for the exam but should not be considered your only source of study. This is only an outline, and I have left off detailed information, so you should use your notes and text to help you prepare for the exam. You are still responsible for any material we covered in class, whether on this sheet or not. This lists serves only to highlight the main points.
Material will be a combination of multiple choice and short answer questions from Chapter 1,3,9 and 18. Only the portions of the chapters covered in class will be on the exam.
Some review of Chemistry stuff (from chapters 1, 3 and 9):
 | What are the four most commonly occurring elements? |
| Review atomic structure |
| What is the difference between covalent bonds, ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds? |
| What type of bonds link atoms together to form molecules? |
| Why is carbon central on biological molecules? |
| What is a carbon skeleton? |
| How many bonds can Carbon form with other atoms? |
| How many bonds can Hydrogen form with other atoms? |
| How many bonds can Oxygen form with other atoms? |
| What are functional groups? |
| Be able to recognize or draw certain functional groups |
| Hydroxyl (alcohol), carboxyl, amino, carbonyl |
| be able to recognize the reactants and products in a chemical reaction |
| Know and be able to list the four types of biological macromolecules. |
| What is a polymer? A monomer? |
| review dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Know if a water molecule is formed or used. Think about how many water molecules would be used /produced in a polymer of different sizes. |
Chapter 18: Carbohydrates
| What are dietary sources of carbohydrates? |
| Be able to give specific examples of functions of carbohydrates in the body (for example saying "cell membrane" is not a function) |
| What are the functions of carbohydrates in our everyday lives? |
| Be able to distinguish an aldehyde from a ketone group on a carbohydrate |
| What is a stereoisomer? What isomer is found in humans? |
| How are monosaccharides classified? |
| What is the difference between a triose, tetrose, pentose, etc. Be able to give examples we discussed in class. |
| What are the most common 6 carbon monosaccharides? |
| What is the general empirical (molecular) formula for glucose, fructose and galactose? Review info about these three monosaccharides. |
| What happens when a monosaccharide is placed in an aqueous solution? |
| Be able to draw glucose in either a ring or straight (linear) form |
| Be able to draw the formation of a glycoside bond ( p. 538) |
| Be able to draw a generic carbohydrate given its name (ex: aldopentose) like we did on the in-class worksheet |
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| How are monosaccharides linked together to form polysaccharides? Be able to draw this process. |
| Review dehydration synthesis. What does it do? Are water molecules used or produced? |
| Review hydrolysis. What does it do? Are water molecules used or produced? |
| What is a glycoside bond? |
| Be able to distinguish between an alpha 1-4 glycoside bond and a beta 1-4 glycoside bond. Which polymers have which type of bond? How does the difference it affect shape/function/properties? What is the significance to the human diet? |
| Review the 4 disaccharides that we discussed in class. Know what the component monosaccharides are, and some basic facts about each. What type of bond holds them together? What is the general empirical (molecular) formula for a disaccharide? |
| review lactose intolerance |
| What enzymes break each of the disaccharides? |
| Carbohydrates made up of simple sugar monomers called monosaccharides (glucose in particular). |
| Know the structure and functions of the following polysaccharides and also how they differ from one another. (are they found in animals or plants? are they soluble in water? are they structural molecules or glucose storage molecules? is it digestible by humans? ) |
Starch (amylose
and amylopectin)
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin
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How can someone test for the presence of starch? Would this test also work for glucose? |
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What is glycogenesis? Glycogenolysis? |
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what is the role of fiber in the diet? |
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What are the acidic polysaccharides? What are their functions? |
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What are oligosaccharides? |
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What are glycolipids and glycoproteins? |
From the text, questions you should be able to answer from ch 18(answers to odd #'d questions are in back of the book)
2-4, 7-14, 17, 19, 33, 53, 87-88, 101-115